The Indian Constitution has established _________.

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Accepted Answer

Step-by-step explanation:

- The Indian Constitution creates an independent judiciary: it provides for the Supreme Court (Articles $124$–$147$), High Courts (Articles $214$–$231$) and subordinate courts, and mandates separation of the judiciary from the executive (Article $50$). These provisions secure judicial independence by guaranteeing appointment and removal procedures, security of tenure and protection of salaries.

- India has an integrated (single) judicial system with the Supreme Court at the apex, not a dual or plural system. "Partial" or "plural" judicial system are not descriptions used for the constitutional scheme.

- Therefore the correct description is an independent judicial system.

FINAL_ANSWER: c

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