Which of the following Sultans of Delhi primarily adopted a policy of consolidation rather than expansion?

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Step 1 — Historical context: After a period of weak central control and frequent noble rebellions in the Delhi Sultanate, Balban (mid-13th century) faced both internal disorder and the external threat of Mongol incursions.

Step 2 — Focus on internal order: Balban concentrated on reasserting royal authority by curbing the power of powerful nobles, suppressing revolts, and replacing rebellious chiefs with loyal officials. This emphasis on disciplining the nobility reduced factionalism and strengthened central control.

Step 3 — Administrative reforms: He reinforced the bureaucracy and court protocol to enhance the dignity and undisputed authority of the sultanate, establishing a more centralized administrative framework that prioritized governance and revenue stability over conquest.

Step 4 — Defensive military policy: Rather than launching large-scale expansionary campaigns, Balban invested in frontier defenses and military preparedness to repel Mongol raids and secure the existing boundaries of the Sultanate. His military measures were directed at defense and internal stability rather than territorial enlargement.

Step 5 — Outcome and interpretation: The combination of stern domestic measures, administrative centralization, and defensive military posture produced consolidation of the Sultanate’s power and stability. For these reasons, Balban is characterized as a ruler who primarily adopted a policy of consolidation rather than expansion.

FINAL_ANSWER: B

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