Who first stated the principle of refraction that postulates that every substance has a specific bending ratio – ‘refractive index’?

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### Explanation

1. The principle describing that each material has a specific bending ratio (refractive index) is the law of refraction (Snell's law).
2. Willebrord Snellius (Snell) formulated this relationship between incident and refracted rays; it is usually written as

$n_1\sin	heta_1 = n_2\sin	heta_2$,

where $n_1,n_2$ are the refractive indices of the two media.
3. The other choices are known for different contributions: Thomas Young worked on interference and wave theory of light, David Brewster on polarization and Brewster's angle, and Dennis Gabor invented holography—none of which first stated the refractive-index law.

Therefore the correct answer is Willebrord Snellius.

FINAL_ANSWER: <c>

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