Which option accurately describes the development of Indian classical music traditions?

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1. Early Indian texts list **jatis** as older melodic types.
2. **Ragas** developed later from these jatis in the classical practice.
3. The formal $72$-mela (melakarta) scheme was given by Venkatamakhi in the 17th century.
4. Therefore the statement that ragas derived from jatis and the $72$-mela is by Venkatamakhi is correct.

FINAL_ANSWER: d

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