Which incident is mentioned as a real-life outcome linked to groupthink?
Read the passage and answer the following questions. A common pattern in group decision-making—widely known as groupthink—occurs when a team’s hunger for complete agreement becomes stronger than its willingness to examine other viewpoints with a critical lens. As a result, choices often turn defective because disagreement is either quietly silenced from within or discouraged through social consequences. Closely linked to this is social conformity, the tendency to adjust one’s opinions or actions to match the majority—often unconsciously—to gain acceptance or prevent friction. In closely bonded circles such as boardrooms, policy groups, or academic committees, individuals may hold back opposing ideas due to fear of exclusion or damage to reputation. With time, this shared uniformity creates mental stagnation, weakens creativity, and increases the chance of strategic misjudgments. The Bay of Pigs episode and the Challenger space shuttle tragedy are commonly highlighted as classic cases where groupthink distorted judgment. From a psychological angle, conformity is tied to our evolutionary pull toward tribal belonging, where standing apart once carried survival threats. Today, that same impulse shows up through peer pressure, workplace norms, and online echo chambers. Digital platforms intensify conformity because algorithms construct personalized “bubbles” that confirm existing beliefs while screening out conflicting perspectives. The antidote to this narrowed thinking is to build dissent into the system. When teams welcome principled disagreement, it becomes a mental safety-check against tunnel vision. Encouraging an environment where counterviews are valued—not punished—supports stronger, more balanced, and more resilient decisions. In a time shaped by viral fads, polarized debate, and performative agreement, the bravery to question the crowd is both uncommon and necessary. Real progress grows not from automatic loyalty to majority norms, but from critical probing and the nerve to challenge what feels comfortable.

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1. The passage says some real events show groupthink.
2. It specifically names the Bay of Pigs and the **Challenger** space shuttle tragedy.
3. The question asks which incident is linked to groupthink.
4. The Challenger disaster is listed, so the correct choice is **(b)**.

FINAL_ANSWER: b

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