Who found an empirical relationship between the half-life of alpha decay and the energy of the emitted alpha particles in 1911?

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**Solution:**

1. The Geiger–Nuttall law was formulated by Hans Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall in 1911.

2. It establishes an empirical relationship between the decay constant (λ) of alpha decay and the kinetic energy (E) of the emitted alpha particles.

3. The law is expressed as:

$$\log_{10} \lambda = a \log_{10} E + b$$

where *a* and *b* are constants.

4. This relationship shows that isotopes with shorter half-lives emit alpha particles with higher energies.

5. Hence, the correct answer is **Geiger and Nuttall**.

**Answer:** Geiger and Nuttall

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