Which theory, introduced independently in 1923, gave rise to the concept of acid-base conjugate pairs?

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**Solution:**

1. The **Brønsted-Lowry theory**, independently proposed in 1923 by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry, introduced the idea of acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.

2. This theory is significant because it introduced the concept of **conjugate acid-base pairs**, where an acid and its conjugate base differ by one proton, and similarly for bases and their conjugate acids.

3. Unlike the Arrhenius theory, which is limited to aqueous solutions and defines acids and bases based on hydronium and hydroxide ions, the Brønsted-Lowry theory applies more broadly to proton transfer reactions.

4. The **Arrhenius theory** (1887) defines acids and bases in terms of ion production in water but does not explain conjugate pairs.

5. The **Lewis theory** (also proposed in 1923) defines acids and bases in terms of electron pair acceptance and donation, expanding the concept beyond proton transfer.

6. **Davy's theory** is an earlier concept that suggested acids contain replaceable hydrogen atoms but did not develop the conjugate pair idea.

**Answer:** Brønsted-Lowry theory

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