Which of the following technologies enables real-time communication over the Internet, such as voice and video calls, without needing any additional software or hardware beyond a web browser?

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**Solution:**

1. **WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication)** is an open-source technology that allows direct peer-to-peer audio, video, and data sharing between web browsers without requiring any plugins or external software.

2. It works within modern browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge using JavaScript APIs to facilitate real-time features like video calls and file sharing.

3. Technologies like UDP, SRTP, and ICE are used by WebRTC to ensure secure, low-latency communication.

4. Unlike VoIP applications (e.g., Skype or Zoom) which require dedicated apps, WebRTC operates entirely within the browser environment.

5. FTP is a protocol for file transfer, not for real-time communication, and Email is a store-and-forward service, not real-time.

**Answer:** WebRTC

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