Read the given passage and answer the following questions based on the passage. In an earlier column on what India needs to do to become a proper space power, I argued that we must ramp up both our capacity to use space and our capacity to deny our adversaries the reliable use of space. Other spacefaring nations are investing good money in both these, with the bulk of the investment going into enhancing their capacity to use space. What is striking about their approach compared to ours is the involvement of the private sector in the commercial use of space. Indeed, it is ironic that India—whose space-faring tradition is decidedly in the service of human development—is lagging in harnessing the power of private innovation in the space domain. This not only limits the exploitation of space for economic development, but has serious national security implications. The most basic way to secure our space capabilities is to distribute them across many different satellites and spacecraft, so that business continuity is unaffected even if an adversary manages to disable one or more of our satellites. The more critical the function, the more the diversity required. The US is highly vulnerable in space because it depends on thousands of its satellites. But it is also best equipped to deal with a potential attack on its space assets because it can find alternatives to switch to. Furthermore, with private US firms set to put thousands of satellites into orbit in the next few years, its security in space will improve. Similarly, China is significantly increasing the number of its active space assets through massive public investment as well as opening its skies to private entrepreneurs. In this new space economy, India is playing with one hand tied firmly behind its back. While the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is continuing on a successful path, there is no one at the privatesector end of the business. So, we must deregulate the space sector and create an environment for private industry to serve India’s commercial and strategic needs, and perhaps become a global space technology hub.
As per the passage, how can India fight against the vulnerabilities in space?

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**Solution:**

1. The passage emphasizes that India’s space capabilities should be distributed across multiple satellites and spacecraft to ensure business continuity even if some satellites are disabled by adversaries.

2. This decentralization reduces vulnerability by providing alternatives and maintaining critical functions despite attacks.

3. While increasing ISRO’s budget and resources is important, the passage specifically highlights decentralization as the key method to fight vulnerabilities.

4. The option about seeking help from NASA is not mentioned or suggested in the passage.

Therefore, the correct answer is that India can decentralize its space capabilities among various satellites and spacecraft to maintain business continuity.

**Answer:** (b)

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