Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words are given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions. Compounding the woes for the solar power industry, Maharashtra’s appellate authority for advance ruling (AAAR) has held that solar power projects are liable to 18% goods and services tax (GST) and not at the lower rate of 5% as claimed by power producers. With the appellate authority reinforcing similar rulings by some other state level authority for advance ruling including of Rajasthan and Maharashtra, this issue seems to be headed for a prolonged legal battle unless the government decides to step in and issue clarifications on the taxability of solar power projects. [A] A rise in project cost could get reflected in the power tariffs that solar power developers offer in auctions to win projects. With electricity out of the goods and services tax (GST), the higher tax rate becomes an outright cost for the producers thus inflating the final price of the solar power. A government proposal to levy safeguard duty on imported solar panels that is meant to support domestic panel manufacturers is another factor that has brought some uncertainty to solar power project developers. Solar power generation panels, which constitute around 60-70% of the cost of the solar power projects, are taxed at 5% GST. However, the AAARs have held that setting up of solar projects are covered under the classification of works contract as they consist of supply of goods and services packaged into an immovable property. They held that because of this, these projects are liable to be taxed at 18% that applies to works contracts. In the pre-GST era, only a small part of the total project cost, nearly a tenth of it, was covered by a service tax of 15%.The net tax effect on the solar power industry in a pre-GST regime was less than 5%, a reflection of the tax breaks it enjoyed across excise and value added tax. The higher tax rates being levied on solar power projects is despite the NDA government’s focused approach to promote solar power. The industry has sought government intervention to lower the tax burden on such projects. [B] The solar industry may be about to face what imported coal-based power projects saw some years back --- an increase in production cost due to changes in law and the imposition of new tariffs. Due to a safeguards duty recently announced by the government, close to 7,000 MW of under-construction and recently bid solar projects will see their cost go up and would have to revise their tariff accordingly. Over the years, coal power projects have seen massive fluctuations in price and availability of coal. This led to high litigation cost and increase in the power rate, landing several projects in debt trap. Industry executives fear that the same could happen in the solar sector if there is no stability on tariff and clarity on regulations. “A general consensus among various GST advance ruling authorities of 18% rate of GST on solar power projects is quite an aspect of worry for the solar industry players who believe that a 5% tax should be applicable,” said Abhishek Jain, tax partner, EY.“ To end apprehensions, the government should consider issuing an explicit clarification on the rate of tax applicable to such projects,” he said. India is pursuing a goal of having 100 giga watt (GW) of solar power capacity by 2022, up from 23 GW at present. India has a renewable power generation capacity of over 70 GW currently, half of which comes from wind power. Intense competition in recent years have drove down solar power tariff discovered in project auctions. The factors that helped producers to bid projects aggressively include lower price of imported solar panels and efficient financial structuring of projects. Industry observers said that global developments like China limiting solar capacity addition making more panels available for imports are helping to counter-balance cost pressures building up in the country. “The solar industry is facing upward cost pressure locally from taxes and financing, but that is getting balanced by lower equipment costs due to global developments. So, for now, project profitability is secure,” said Kameswara Rao, Partner, Grid, PwC India.
How have the AAAR justified the application of 18% GST on solar power projects?

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**Solution:**

1. The AAAR (Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling) has ruled that solar power projects are subject to 18% GST because they fall under the category of works contracts.

2. This classification is due to the fact that solar projects involve the supply of goods and services combined into an immovable property.

3. The passage explicitly states: "The AAARs have held that setting up of solar projects are covered under the classification of works contract as they consist of supply of goods and services packaged into an immovable property."

4. Because works contracts attract 18% GST, solar power projects are liable to this higher tax rate rather than the lower 5% rate applicable to solar panels alone.

**Answer:** (c) Because setting up solar projects falls under the classification of works contract as they involve supply of goods and services combined into an immovable property.

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